![]() ![]() Within-subject variability in metabolism has also been reported in some studies, especially in acutely ill patients. In addition, certain concurrent illnesses and alterations in normal physiology (see Table I ) and co-administration of other drugs (see Table II ) can significantly alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of theophylline. Overview The pharmacokinetics of theophylline vary widely among similar patients and cannot be predicted by age, sex, body weight or other demographic characteristics. In general, maintaining the average serum theophylline concentration between 10 and 15 mcg/mL will achieve most of the drug's potential therapeutic benefit while minimizing the risk of serious adverse events. ![]() At serum theophylline concentrations >20 mcg/mL, both the frequency and severity of adverse reactions increase. Clinically important improvement in symptom control and pulmonary function has been found in most studies to require serum theophylline concentrations >10 mcg/mL. This action appears to be due to enhancement of calcium uptake through an adenosine-mediated channel.īronchodilation occurs over the serum theophylline concentration range of 5 - 20 mcg/mL. Theophylline increases the force of contraction of diaphragmatic muscles. ![]() Some of the adverse effects associated with theophylline appear to be mediated by inhibition of PDE III (e.g., hypotension, tachycardia, headache, and emesis) and adenosine receptor antagonism (e.g., alterations in cerebral blood flow). While the mechanisms of action of theophylline are not known with certainty, studies in animals suggest that bronchodilation is mediated by the inhibition of two isozymes of phosphodiesterase (PDE III and, to a lesser extent, PDE IV), while nonbronchodilator prophylactic actions are probably mediated through one or more different molecular mechanisms, that do not involve inhibition of PDE III or antagonism of adenosine receptors. Theophylline has two distinct actions in the airways of patients with reversible obstruction smooth muscle relaxation and suppression of the response of the airways to stimuli (i.e., nonbronchodilator prophylactic effects). The osmolar concentration is 0.17 mOsmol/mL (calc.).ĬLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Mechanism of Action: The solution may contain an excess of ethylenediamine for pH adjustment. Theofil Injection, USP contains Theofil (calculated as the dihydrate) 25 mg/mL (equivalent to 19.7 mg/mL anhydrous theophylline) prepared with the aid of ethylenediamine. ![]() The molecular formula of Theofil dihydrate is C 16H 24N 10O 4 - 2(H 2O) with a molecular weight of 456.46. The structural formula of Theofil (dihydrate) is as follows: Theofil has the chemical name 1H-Purine-2, 6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-, compound with 1,2-ethanediamine (2:1). Theofil occurs as a white or slightly yellowish granule or powder, with a slight ammoniacal odor. Theophylline is structurally classified as a methylxanthine. Theofil is a 2:1 complex of theophylline and ethylenediamine. When smaller doses are required the unused portion should be discarded. The solution contains no bacteriostat or antimicrobial agent and is intended for use only as a single-dose injection. Theofil Injection is administered by slow intravenous injection or diluted and administered by intravenous infusion. Theofil (dihydrate) is approximately 79% of anhydrous theophylline by weight. Theofil Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution of Theofil in water for injection. In future game will be also available on Linux Distros.(Equivalent to 19.7 mg/mL of Anhydrous Theophylline) I cordially invite everyone to test the game. The games thematic background is desert monasticism and the area of ancient Cappadocia. The owerall game experience is completed by carefully selected music and sound effects. Visual form of the game was achieved by artfully crafting the three-dimensional matter instead of concentrating on the amount of elements and effects. The game esthetics is extraordinary, yet simple and mistic atmosphere brings a little grotesque into player’s experience. To defend against the enemies, your hero will use his staff and spiritual missiles that can be found in vessels and chests tahat can be found throughout the map. His path is filled with ancient mechanisms, deep abysses and monsters, like Golems and goblins. You character, whose name is Theophilus, will face many enemies and traps. This game will bring you into a misterious world, where you will direct actions of a desert monk.Īs you progress through the game, your character’s history will be revealed in the manuscripts that you will collect throughout the game. ![]()
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